---
id: migrate-from-v9-to-v10
title: Migrate from v9 to v10
sidebar_label: Migrate from v9 to v10
slug: /migrate-from-v9-to-v10
---

<!-- Reusable snippet -->

```twoslash include server
// @module: esnext
// @filename: server.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import { z } from "zod";

const t = initTRPC.create();

const appRouter = t.router({
  post: t.router({
    byId: t.procedure
      .input(z.string())
      .query((opts) => {
        // imaginary db call
        return { id: 1, title: 'tRPC is the best!' };
    }),
    create: t.procedure
      .input(z.object({ title: z.string(), text: z.string() }))
      .mutation((opts) => {
        // imaginary db call
        return { id: "123", ...opts.input, };
    }),
  }),
});

export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;
```

Welcome to tRPC v10! We're excited to bring you a new major version to continue the journey towards perfect end-to-end type safety with excellent DX.

Under the hood of version 10, we are unlocking performance improvements, bringing you quality of life enhancements, and creating room for us to build new features in the future.

tRPC v10 features a compatibility layer for users coming from v9. `.interop()` allows you to incrementally adopt v10 so that you can continue building the rest of your project while still enjoying v10's new features.

## Summary of changes

<details>
  <summary>Initializing your server</summary>

```ts title='/src/server/trpc.ts'
/**
 * This is your entry point to setup the root configuration for tRPC on the server.
 * - `initTRPC` should only be used once per app.
 * - We export only the functionality that we use so we can enforce which base procedures should be used
 *
 * Learn how to create protected base procedures and other things below:
 * @see https://trpc.io/docs/v10/router
 * @see https://trpc.io/docs/v10/procedures
 */
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import superjson from 'superjson';
import { Context } from './context';

const t = initTRPC.context<Context>().create({
  /**
   * @see https://trpc.io/docs/v10/data-transformers
   */
  transformer: superjson,
  /**
   * @see https://trpc.io/docs/v10/error-formatting
   */
  errorFormatter(opts) {
    return opts.shape;
  },
});

/**
 * Create a router
 * @see https://trpc.io/docs/v10/router
 */
export const router = t.router;

/**
 * Create an unprotected procedure
 * @see https://trpc.io/docs/v10/procedures
 **/
export const publicProcedure = t.procedure;

/**
 * @see https://trpc.io/docs/v10/merging-routers
 */
export const mergeRouters = t.mergeRouters;
```

</details>

<details>
  <summary>Defining routers & procedures</summary>

```ts
// v9:
const appRouter = trpc.router()
  .query('greeting', {
    input: z.string(),
    resolve(opts) {
      return `hello ${opts.input}!`;
    },
  });

// v10:
const appRouter = router({
  greeting: publicProcedure
    .input(z.string())
    .query((opts) => `hello ${opts.input}!`),
});
```

</details>

<details>
  <summary>Calling procedures</summary>

```ts
// v9
client.query('greeting', 'KATT');
trpc.useQuery(['greeting', 'KATT']);

// v10
// You can now CMD+click `greeting` to jump straight to your server code.
client.greeting.query('KATT');
trpc.greeting.useQuery('KATT');
```

</details>

<details>
  <summary>Inferring types</summary>

#### v9

```ts
// Building multiple complex helper types yourself. Yuck!
export type TQuery = keyof AppRouter['_def']['queries'];
export type InferQueryInput<TRouteKey extends TQuery> = inferProcedureInput<
  AppRouter['_def']['queries'][TRouteKey]
>;
type GreetingInput = InferQueryInput<'greeting'>;
```

#### v10

#### Inference helpers

```ts twoslash
// @module: esnext
// @include: server
// @filename: index.ts
// ---cut---
// Inference helpers are now shipped out of the box.
import type { inferRouterInputs, inferRouterOutputs } from '@trpc/server';
import type { AppRouter } from './server';

type RouterInput = inferRouterInputs<AppRouter>;
type RouterOutput = inferRouterOutputs<AppRouter>;

type PostCreateInput = RouterInput['post']['create'];
//   ^?
type PostCreateOutput = RouterOutput['post']['create'];
//   ^?
```

See [Inferring types](/docs/client/vanilla/infer-types) for more.

</details>

<details>
  <summary>Middlewares</summary>

Middlewares are now reusable and can be chained, see the [middleware](/docs/server/middlewares) docs for more.

```ts
// v9
const appRouter = trpc
  .router()
  .middleware((opts) => {
    const { ctx } = opts;
    if (!ctx.user) {
      throw new TRPCError({ code: 'UNAUTHORIZED' });
    }

    return opts.next({
      ctx: {
        ...ctx,
        user: ctx.user,
      },
    });
  })
  .query('greeting', {
    resolve(opts) {
      return `hello ${opts.ctx.user.name}!`;
    },
  });

// v10
const protectedProcedure = t.procedure.use((opts) => {
  const { ctx } = opts;
  if (!ctx.user) {
    throw new TRPCError({ code: 'UNAUTHORIZED' });
  }

  return opts.next({
    ctx: {
      // Old context will automatically be spread.
      // Only modify what's changed.
      user: ctx.user,
    },
  });
});

const appRouter = t.router({
  greeting: protectedProcedure.query((opts) => {
    return `Hello ${opts.ctx.user.name}!`
  }),
});
```

</details>

<details>
  <summary>Full example with data transformer, OpenAPI metadata, and error formatter</summary>

```ts title='/src/server/trpc.ts'
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import superjson from 'superjson';

// Context is usually inferred,
// but we will need it here for this example.
interface Context {
  user?: {
    id: string;
    name: string;
  };
}

interface Meta {
  openapi: {
    enabled: boolean;
    method: string;
    path: string;
  };
}

export const t = initTRPC
  .context<Context>()
  .meta<Meta>()
  .create({
    errorFormatter({ shape, error }) {
      return {
        ...shape,
        data: {
          ...shape.data,
          zodError:
            error.code === 'BAD_REQUEST' && error.cause instanceof ZodError
              ? error.cause.flatten()
              : null,
        },
      };
    },
    transformer: superjson,
  });
```

</details>

## Migrating from v9

We recommend two strategies to start **(and finish!)** upgrading your codebase today.

### Using a codemod

[@sachinraja](https://twitter.com/s4chinraja) has created [an excellent codemod](https://github.com/sachinraja/trpc-v10-migrate-codemod) for this major upgrade. Run the script to have 95% of the work done for you in a matter of moments.

:::info

- If you use the codemod, you should still do steps 1-3 below to make sure that works for you before doing the full migration.
- Please note that this codemod isn't perfect but will do a lot of the heavy lifting for you.

:::

### Using `.interop()`

Rewriting all of your existing v9 routes today may be too heavy of a lift for you and your team. Instead, let's keep those v9 procedures in place and incrementally adopt v10 by leveraging v10's `interop()` method.

### 1. Enable `interop()` on your v9 router

Turning your v9 router into a v10 router only takes 10 characters. Add `.interop()` to the end of your v9 router... and you're done with your server code!

```diff title='src/server/routers/_app.ts'
  const appRouter = trpc
    .router<Context>()
    /* ... */
+ .interop();
  export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;
```

:::info
There are [a few features that are not supported by `.interop()`](#limitations-of-interop). We expect nearly all of our users to be able to use `.interop()` to migrate their server side code in only a few minutes. If you are discovering that `.interop()` is not working correctly for you, be sure to [check here](#limitations-of-interop).
:::

### 2. Create the `t`-object

Now, let's initialize a v10 router so we can start using v10 for any new routes we will write.

```ts title='src/server/trpc.ts'
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
import superjson from 'superjson';
import { Context } from './context';

const t = initTRPC.context<Context>().create({
  // Optional:
  transformer: superjson,
  // Optional:
  errorFormatter(opts) {
    const { shape } = opts;
    return {
      ...shape,
      data: {
        ...shape.data,
      },
    };
  },
});

/**
 * We recommend only exporting the functionality that we
 * use so we can enforce which base procedures should be used
 **/
export const router = t.router;
export const mergeRouters = t.mergeRouters;
export const publicProcedure = t.procedure;
```

### 3. Create a new `appRouter`

1. Rename your old `appRouter` to `legacyRouter`
2. Create a new app router:

```ts twoslash title="src/server/routers/_app.ts"
// @filename: trpc.ts
import { initTRPC } from '@trpc/server';
const t = initTRPC.create();
export const router = t.router;
export const mergeRouters = t.mergeRouters;
export const publicProcedure = t.procedure;
// @filename: _app.ts
import * as trpc from '@trpc/server';
// ---cut---
import { mergeRouters, publicProcedure, router } from './trpc';

// Renamed from `appRouter`
const legacyRouter = trpc
  .router()
  /* ... */
  .interop();

const mainRouter = router({
  greeting: publicProcedure.query(() => 'hello from tRPC v10!'),
});

// Merge v9 router with v10 router
export const appRouter = mergeRouters(legacyRouter, mainRouter);

export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;
```

:::tip
Be careful of using procedures that will end up having the same caller name! You will run into issues if a path in your legacy router matches a path in your new router.
:::tip

### 4. Use it in your client

Both sets of procedures will now be available for your client as v10 callers. You will now need to [visit your client code to update your callers to the v10 syntax](#client-package-changes).

```ts
// Vanilla JS v10 client caller:
client.proxy.greeting.query();

// React v10 client caller:
trpc.proxy.greeting.useQuery();
```

## Limitations of interop

### Subscriptions

We have changed the API of Subscriptions where subscriptions need to return an `observable`-instance. See [subscriptions docs](subscriptions).

> 🚧 Feel free to contribute to improve this section

### Custom HTTP options

See [HTTP-specific options moved from `TRPCClient` to links](#http-specific-options-moved-from-trpcclient-to-links).

### Custom Links

In v10, the Links architecture has been completely revamped. Therefore, custom links made for v9 will not work for v10 or while on interop. If you want more information about how to create a custom link for v10, checkout [the Links documentation](/docs/client/links#creating-a-custom-link).

## Client Package Changes

v10 also brings changes to the client side of your application. After making a few key changes, you'll unlock a few key quality of life changes:

- Jump to server definitions straight from your client
- Rename routers or procedures straight from the client

### `@trpc/react-query`

#### Renaming of @trpc/react to @trpc/react-query

The `@trpc/react` package has been renamed to `@trpc/react-query`. This is to reflect the fact that it is a thin wrapper around `react-query`, as well as to allow for situations where trpc may be used in react without the `@trpc/react-query` package, such as with upcoming React Server Components (RSCs) or with other data fetching library adapters. If you're using `@trpc/react`, you'll need to remove it and install `@trpc/react-query` instead, as well as update your imports:

```diff
- import { createReactQueryHooks } from '@trpc/react';
+ import { createReactQueryHooks } from '@trpc/react-query';
```

#### Major version upgrade of `react-query`

We've upgraded `peerDependencies` from `react-query@^3` to `@tanstack/react-query@^4`. Because our client hooks are only a thin wrapper around react-query, we encourage you to [visit their migration guide](https://tanstack.com/query/v4/docs/guides/migrating-to-react-query-4) for more details about your new React hooks implementation.

#### tRPC-specific options on hooks moved to `trpc`

To avoid collisions and confusion with any built-in `react-query` properties, we have moved all of the tRPC options to a property called `trpc`. This namespace brings clarity to options that are specific to tRPC and ensures that we won't collide with `react-query` in the future.

```tsx
// Before
useQuery(['post.byId', '1'], {
  context: {
    batching: false,
  },
});

// After:
useQuery(['post.byId', '1'], {
  trpc: {
    context: {
      batching: false,
    },
  },
});
// or:
trpc.post.byId.useQuery('1', {
  trpc: {
    batching: false,
  },
});
```

#### Query key changes

:::note
If you only use the tRPC provided APIs in your app you will have no problems in
migrating 👍 However if you have been using the tanstack query client directly
to do things like update query data for multiple tRPC generated queries using
[`queryClient.setQueriesData`](https://tanstack.com/query/v4/docs/reference/QueryClient#queryclientsetqueriesdata)
you may need to take note!
:::

To allow us to make room for some more advanced features like [invalidation across
whole routers](/docs/client/react/useUtils#invalidating-across-whole-routers), we needed to change how we use tanstack query keys under the
hood.

We have changed the query keys we use from using a `.` joined string for the
procedure path to a sub array of elements. We have also added a distinction
between `query`'s and `infinite` queries when they are placed in the cache. We
have also moved both this query `type` and the input into an object with named
properties.

Given the simple router below:

```tsx
export const appRouter = router({
  user: router({
    byId: publicProcedure
      .input(z.object({ id: z.number() }))
      .query((opts) => ({ user: { id: opts.input.id } })),
  }),
});
```

The query key used for `trpc.user.byId.useQuery({ id: 10 })` would change:

- Key in V9: `["user.byId", { id: 10 }]`
- Key in v10:`[["user", "byId"],{ input: { id:10 }, type: 'query' }]`

The majority of developers won't even notice this change, but for the small
minority that are using the tanstack `queryClient` directly to manipulate tRPC
generated queries, they will have to change the key they are filtering on!

### `@trpc/client`

#### Aborting procedures

In v9, the `.cancel()` method was used to abort procedures.

For v10, we have moved to [the AbortController Web API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/AbortController) to align better with web standards. Instead of calling `.cancel()`, you'll give the query an `AbortSignal` and call `.abort()` on its parent `AbortController`.

```tsx
const ac = new AbortController();
const helloQuery = client.greeting.query('KATT', { signal: ac.signal });

// Aborting
ac.abort();
```

#### HTTP-specific options moved from `TRPCClient` to links

Previously, HTTP options (like headers) were placed straight onto your `createTRPCClient()`. However, since tRPC is technically not tied to HTTP itself, we've moved these from the `TRPCClient` to [`httpLink`](client/links/httpLink) and [`httpBatchLink`](client/links/httpBatchLink).

```ts
// Before:
import { createTRPCClient } from '@trpc/client';

const client = createTRPCClient({
  url: '...',
  fetch: myFetchPonyfill,
  AbortController: myAbortControllerPonyfill,
  headers() {
    return {
      'x-foo': 'bar',
    };
  },
});

// After:
import { createTRPCProxyClient, httpBatchLink } from '@trpc/client';

const client = createTRPCProxyClient({
  links: [
    httpBatchLink({
      url: '...',
      fetch: myFetchPonyfill,
      AbortController: myAbortControllerPonyfill,
      headers() {
        return {
          'x-foo': 'bar',
        };
      },
    })
  ]
});
```

This change is also reflected in the `@trpc/server` package, where `http` related exports were previously exported from the main entrypoint but have now been moved to their own `@trpc/server/http` entrypoint.

## Extras

### Removal of the teardown option

The teardown option has been removed and is no longer available.

### `createContext` return type

The `createContext` function can no longer return either `null` or `undefined`. If you weren't using a custom context, you'll have to return an empty object:

```diff
- createContext: () => null,
+ createContext: () => ({}),
```

### `queryClient` is no longer exposed through tRPC context

tRPC is no longer exposing the `queryClient` instance through `trpc.useContext()`. If you need to use some methods from `queryClient`, check if `trpc.useContext()` wraps them [here](/docs/client/react/useUtils#helpers). If tRPC doesn't wrap the respective method yet, you can import the `queryClient` from `@tanstack/react-query` and use it that way:

```tsx
import { useQueryClient } from '@tanstack/react-query';

const MyComponent = () => {
  const queryClient = useQueryClient();
  // ...
};
```

### Migrate custom error formatters

You will need to move the contents of your `formatError()` into your root `t` router. See the [Error Formatting docs](/docs/server/error-formatting) for more.
